The phenomenon of clay shrinkage and expansion, known as RGA, poses a serious threat to more than 12 million homes in France. This phenomenon causes severe structural problems for houses and is worsened by climate change, which leads to rising temperatures and increased frequency of extreme weather events.
The French government estimates that over half of France's land is now at medium to high risk of RGA, particularly for homes built with concrete blocks since the 1970s. During periods of drought, clay soil loses its moisture and begins to shrink, putting the foundations of homes at risk of collapse. When this soil is subjected to heavy rainfall, it starts to expand, leading to excess water absorption.
Details of the Situation
Recent maps published by the French government indicate that the areas most susceptible to clay shrinkage risks include Allier, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Dordogne, Gers, Indre, Lot-et-Garonne, Moselle, Nord, Puy-de-Dôme, Tarn, and Tarn-et-Garonne. Approximately three million homes in these regions are at high risk.
The Ministry of Ecological Transition confirms that this phenomenon affects 54% of detached homes in France, with damages caused by clay shrinkage costing the French government around one billion euros annually in compensation under the natural disaster system.
Background & Context
Historically, France has experienced significant climate changes, with temperatures rising markedly in recent years. In the summer of 2025, the country faced a severe heatwave that pushed temperatures to 43.4 degrees Celsius, making it the third hottest summer in the nation's history. Research has shown that climate change was responsible for 68% of heat-related deaths during that summer.
Additionally, France experienced the longest recorded rainfall period at the beginning of 2023, leading to severe flooding in the west of the country, where approximately 4,000 people were evacuated to emergency shelters.
Impact & Consequences
Weather offices predict that 2026 will be another year of rising global temperatures, increasing the likelihood of recurring droughts and floods in France. These extreme weather events threaten not only homes but also the infrastructure and the French economy as a whole.
To combat this issue, the French government has begun experimenting with a clay prevention fund, which aims to conduct resilience assessments and ensure preventive measures are implemented before any incidents related to clay homes occur.
Regional Significance
The phenomenon of clay shrinkage and expansion in France serves as an example of the climate challenges faced by many countries worldwide, including Arab nations. As the effects of climate change intensify, Arab countries may also encounter similar issues related to water resources and soil, necessitating proactive measures to protect infrastructure and property.
In conclusion, the situation in France highlights the importance of addressing climate change seriously, as the negative impacts are not confined to a specific region but extend globally.